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psychological dependence
Psychological dependence is a form of dependence that involves emotional–motivational withdrawal symptoms (e.g., a state of unease or dissatisfaction, a reduced capacity to experience pleasure, or anxiety) upon cessation of drug use or engagement in certain behaviors.〔〔 Physical and psychological dependence are sometimes classified as a facet or component of addiction, such as in the DSM-IV-TR;〔 however, some drugs which produce dependence syndromes do not produce addiction, and vice versa, in humans. Addiction and psychological dependence are both mediated through psychological reinforcement, a form of operant conditioning, but are associated with different forms of reinforcement.〔〔 Addiction is a compulsion for rewarding stimuli that is mediated through positive reinforcement.〔〔 Psychological dependence, which is mediated through negative reinforcement, involves a desire to use a drug or perform a behavior to avoid the unpleasant withdrawal syndrome that results from cessation of exposure to it.〔〔
Psychological dependence develops through consistent and frequent exposure to a stimulus.〔Hanson, Glen, Peter J. Venturelli, and Annette E. Fleckenstein. Drugs and Society. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2009. Print.〕 Behaviors which can produce observable psychological withdrawal symptoms (i.e., cause psychological dependence) include physical exercise, shopping, sex and self-stimulation using pornography, and eating food with high sugar or fat content, among others.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.treatment-now.com/addiction/ )〕 Behavioral therapy is typically employed to help individuals overcome psychological dependence upon drugs or maladaptive behaviors that produce psychological dependence.〔The national center on addiction and substance abuse at Columbia University:"Wasting the Best and the Brightest: Substance Abuse at America’s Colleges and Universities", march 2007, also published on http://www.casacolumbia.org/templates/publications_reports.aspx?keywords=psychological+dependence〕
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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